es-

    es-

    English meaning: to be

    Deutsche Übersetzung: ‘sein”

    Note: Root es- : “to be” derived from Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : “I” [O.Ind. ásmi “I am” = ahám (*eĝ(h)om) “I”]

    Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative aspect of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root bheu̯ǝ- : bhū- .

    Material: 1. O.Ind. ásmi , ási, ásti, smás, sthá, sánti, Av. ahmi, 3. sg. asti, 3. pl. hanti, O.Pers. amiy;

    Note: O.Ind. ásmi “I am” = ahám (*eĝ(h)om) “I”; Arm. em, es, ē; Gk. Hom. Att. εἰμί (= ẹ̄mi, Eol. ἔμμι, Dor. ἠμί), εἶ (= ei from *esi, only Att., Hom. εἰς, ἐσσι), ἐστί, εἰμέν (as εἰμί; Att. ἐσμέν as ἐστέ; Dor. ἠμές), ἐστέ, εἰσί (Dor. ἐντί), Dual ἐστόν; Ven. est; Alb. jam (*esmi); (*jesem) : (aor. isha) Lat. sum (through influence the 1. pl.), es(s), est (Inchoat. escit, as Gk. ἔσκε), sumus, estis, sunt (Inchoat. escunt); Osc. súm, est (íst); Umbr. est;

    Note: Lat. zero grade sum (*esom) “I am” : Lat. Lat. egō̆ (*eĝ(h)om) “I” O.Ir. (only as copula) am (*esmi), a-t, is, ammi (*esmesi), adi-b, it (*senti, O.Welsh hint); Goth. im, is, is, 3. pl. sind (*senti); O.Ice. em, est (ert), es (er); O.E. eom (after bēom), northUmbr. am (*os-m̥), eart (ending of Präteritopräs.), is; 3. pl. northUmbr. aron (*os-ṇt), etc.; O.Lith. esmì, (nowadays esù, dial. esmù) esì, ẽsti, Dual old and dial. esvà, estaũ and està; Ltv. esmu (dial. esu), esi etc.; O.Pruss. asmai, assai (essei), est (ast); O.C.S. jesmь, jesi, jestъ (*esti), jesmъ, jeste, sǫtъ (= Lat. sunt); Dual jesvě, jesta, jeste, etc.;

    Note: Alb. jam (*jesem, aor. isha) : [truncated] Pol. jestem “I am”, Alb. je (*jesi, aor. ishe) : [truncated] Pol. jesteś “you are (sing.)”; Alb. asht (*jesti, aor. ishte) “he is” : poln jest “he is”; Alb. jemi (*jesemi) : [truncated] Pol. jesteśmy “we are”, Alb. jeni (*jesenti) : [truncated] Pol. jesteście “you are”, Alb. janë (*jasanta : hitt asan): Pol. są (*santa) “they are”. Alb. and Slavic use j- for the lost laryngeal ḫ-. Alb. proves that Root es- : “to be” derived from Root eĝ-, eĝ(h)om, eĝō : “I” : Proto-Slavic form: (j)azъ, Lithuanian: àš, eš (OLith.) “I”, Latvian: es “I”, O.Pruss.: as, es “I”. Toch. present В 3. sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. pl. skente, stare, skentar; Imperf. A 1. sg. ṣem, 2. sg. ṣet etc., В ṣai(-), with optative formants IE -oi- (after Pedersen Tochar. 161 should also В nes-, A nas- “be” contain the root es-, the preverb n- is identical with the post position В ne ??); Hitt. e-eš-mi (esmi), 3. sg. e-eš-zi (eszi), 3. pl. a-ša-an-zi (asanzi; whose as through vocal harmony from *es-?). 2. significant congruities: Imperf. O.Ind. ǘsam, üs, üs, respectively perf. ǘsa, ǘsitha, ǘsa, pl. ǘsma, ǘsta, ǘsan, Dual. ǘstam, ǘstüm: Gk. Hom. 1. sg. ἦα, 2. Sg Hom. Att. ἦσθα, 3. sg. Dor. etc. ἦς, pl. Hom. ἦμεν, ἦτε, ἦσαν, 3. Dual Hom. ἤστην; with ἦσθα compare Hitt. e-eš-ta (ēsta) “was, were”; [Alb. isha], themat. 1. sg. 3. pl.Eol. ἔον (*e-s-om, respectively *e-s-ont): truncated 3. pl. O.Ind. san, Av. hǝn (*sent or *sont). Lat. erat (*es-ü-t) = Welsh oedd “was” seem neologisms. Gk. Imperf. ἔσκον, ἔσκε : aLat. escit (the future tense meaning reminds an Arm. i-c̣em “that I am” from prothet. *i + s + (s)ke-, Meillet Esquisse 121); Konjunkt. ved. 2. sg. ásas(i), 3. sg. ásat(i): Lat. Fut. eris, erit; Optat. ved. s(i)yǘ m; Gk. εἴην (das ε from *ἐσμι): Lat. Konj. siem, siēs, siet, Umbr. sir, sei “ you are, exist, live “, si, sei “he is, exists, lives “, sins “they are, exist, live “: O.H.G. 3. sg. sī; Imper. 2. sg. gath.-Av. zdī : Gk. Att. ἴσθι (*es-dhi); 3. sg. Gk. Hom. Att. ἔστω : Lat.estō(d) : Osc. estud; 3. participle sent-, sont-, sṇt- “being”, partly with development to “ truely, really “, and further partly to “ good, well “, partly to “the real perpetrator, the culprit”: O.Ind. sánt- sát- m., n. (f. sat-ī́) “being, good, true”, Av. hant-, hat- ds.; Maybe Alb. send “thing, *being” perhaps used as a taboo. Gk. ἐόντ-, ὄντ-, Dor. ἐντ- “being” (Schwyzer Gk. I 473, 525 4, 567, 678), nom. pl. τὰ ὄντα “present, verity, possession”, derived ουσία, Dor. ἐσσία, ὠσία f. “property, nature, reality”, etc.; Lat. in prae-sēns, -sentis “presently”, Osc. praesentid “ at hand, in sight, present, in person “, ab-sēns “ absent, not present “; sōns, gen. sontis “ culpable, harmful “ (compare sonticus morbus “ epilepsy “?); Maybe Alb. sonte “tonight, this night, present day”. Proto-Gmc. *sanÞa- “true” in O.N. sannr, saðr, O.H.G. sand, O.S. sōð “true”, and “ whose debt stays without doubt “, O.E. sōð “true”; besides zero grade Gmc. *sun(ð)já-z, Goth. *sunjis “true” (sunja “verity”); the real meaning still in bisunjanē “multi-sided, all around”, originally gen. pl. “ being all around “ = O.Ind. satyá- “true, right” (*sṇti̯o-), n. “verity”, Av. haiϑya- “true, genuine”, O.Pers. hašiya- ds.; with preserved or assim. d O.H.G. suntea, O.S. sundea, O.Fris. sende, O.Ice. synð, synd < M.L.G. sũnde, O.E. synn f. “ sin, crime “ (Proto-Gmc. *sunðī: *sun(ð)jüz), further to O.S. O.H.G. sunnea “hindrance, need”, O.Ice. syn “ renunciation, denial “; O.Pruss. nom. sg. sins, dat. sg. sentismu, O.Lith. acc. sg. m. santį, Lith. są̃s, sañčio (newer ẽsąs, e ̃sąs m., ẽsanti f.), Ltv. esuots “being”; Gerundium Lith. sant; O.C.S. sy (: O.Ind. sán), gen. sg. m. sǫšta; Hitt. aš-ša-an-za (assanz) “being”; to-participle *s-e-tó-, s-o-tó- in Gk. ἐτά ἀληθῆ. ἀγαθά Hes., ἐτάζω “prũfe”, ἐτεός, ἐτυμός “true, really “ and ὅσιος “right, allowed, godly, pious”; ti-Abstrakta: O.Ind. abhí-ṣti- f. “help” (abhi-ṣtí- m. “ helper “), Av. aiwišti- f. “ devotion, study “; O.Ind. úpа-stí- m. “ subordinate “ (O.Ind. sv-astí- f. “ well-being “ probably ar. neologism); compare Gk. ἐστώ “ οὐσία “, ἀπεστώ, ἀπεστύς Hes. “ absence, not present “ under likewise; about that perhaps belonging here Gk. ἐσ-θλός “proficient, good, lucky”, Dor. ἐσλός, arkad. ἑσλός compare Schwyzer Gk. I 5335, Specht Decl. 256.

    References: WP. I 160 f., Schwyzer Gk. I 676 ff., Trautmann 71, etc.

    See also: esu-s